E Commerce And Online Trading Information Technology Essay

E Commerce And Online Trading Information Technology Essay E-commerce has made a great impact on business activity culture. Customer can shop online in privacy at their own houses. This is also strength small businesses to close their doors, or modify to being completely online. It can also change people approach to look at making purchases decision and spending money. Ecommerce also changed the retailer picture, promotions, services, and other things that make our market work. Undeniably, it will continue to pressure how can companies sell and market their products/services, as well as people choose to make purchases in coming years. Selling through the websites is the best method of increasing trade worldwide. Two forms of e-commerce: First form is mostly used as a business trading where companies mostly meet each other and share information through the World Wide Web. The other form is that, where companies taken orders from the customers through web site and also prepared their order to satisfy their need. HASM have many different types of products and services that are traded or selling online including audio equipments new and used both. All companies who used e-tailing or e-trading definitely have their own websites for their business requirement/needs. Trading online Trading online facilitate businesses to attain larger audiences while also cutting the costs of traditional retailing methods of sales. It is not necessary that a web company have to spend on bigger high street markets for their presence. Although the expenditure on developing a good website is substantial and the potential benefits can be massive. Any group of businesses who is running successful business as a result of the development of the web are ability suppliers of items. Ecommerce Impact On Business Impact of Ecommerce on the economy globally Marketing and Product promotion E-commerce helps the products promotion and services during direct sale, information providing and customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s connections. Sales channel/path E-commerce creates a new flow channel for existing products. It facilitates direct contact of customers and the bi-directional contact. Cost Reduction/savings The way of delivering information to end customers over the Internet results in major savings to senders when compared with any method. Most savings also realized in delivering digitized products against physical delivery. Cycle time The delivery of products and services can be reduced to minimum time frame. Also, the organizational work related to corporate delivery facility, also across international borders sale can be reduced considerably, cutting the cycle time by more than ninety percent. Customer service approach Customer service can be greatly improved by enable clients to find comprehensive information online. Also, sharp agents can answer standard quarry in seconds and human experts contact can be expedite using automatic software. Business image New customers can create corporate images very quickly. Corporate reflection means expectation, which is very important necessary for direct sales. Marketing Impacts Customization Ecommerce provide for customization of products/services, in response to buying in a store or ordering through television, which is normally limited to standard products only. Advertising Direct marketing and customization is very effective than mass advertisement. This creates a essential changer in which advertisement is conducted to change the existing customer behaviour with product but also for the new customer demands and their behaviour towards products and services. Ordering System Orders recived from customers can considerably be improved if it is happen by online system and through internet. Through electronically, orders can quickly be sent to the appropriate department and place. This saves time and reduces expenses. This can give sales-work force more time to sell the product/services. Also, customers can add the cost of their orders through saving time for all parties involved inthe activity. Markets The physical market disappears because the need to deliver the goods/services to the market. In market space, an electronic place where items are delivered directly to buyers/suppliers when purchase is completed online and making the markets cost effective and efficient. Technology behaviour and Organizational learning behaviour Speedy progress in Ecommerce customers and staff, companies to settle quickly to the new technology and offer customers an opportunity to deal with new products/services such as HASM in new and used audio systems and tools. Changing Work Nature The work nature and employment also be transformed in the computer Age. The computer Age work force should have to become flexible. Few of them consistently have secure jobs in the complex environment and all of work force/staff have to willing and able to frequently learn skills and make decisions, and stand behind in complex environment. New product features Ecommerce allows new products to be formed and existing products to be modified in innovative ways. These changes may be satisfied organizations missions and the way in which they have to survive. Ecommerce can also allow supply the suppliers to collect personalized customers data sheet and buying behaviour. Building customer profiles on the basis ofcollecting data on certain customers group and can be used as a information source for improving products/services or designing new ones. Manufacturing Impact Ecommerce is also changing manufacturing systems from mass production to the demand and supply chain process and also on the need of customers. Finance Impact Ecommerce needs a very special finance and accounting systems. Traditional payment systems, which are ineffective and inefficient for electronic trade, because there is no physical availability/presence of staff. Ecommerce is any type of business activities that is selling and purchasing of products and services carried out over web based systems for the approach of getting far away customers. Advantages and Disadvantage: HASM electronic commerce is also categorized by advantages and inbuilt drawbacks of web. Some of these important advantages and disadvantages are as follows: With the use of fast and rapid scale of internet technology and strong online techniques and software, companies can get many advantages of Ecommerce but also some disadvantages as well but also having a reason of some problems: Advantages: Fast buying and selling method, as well as effortless to find any products type. Buying convenience and selling convenience, round the clock 24/7. Wider reach to customers, there is no geographic limitations for selling product. As compare to the stores low operational costs for product and better quality of services can be provided. Physical company set-ups are not necessary. Undemanding start and manage a business. Business or individual to reach the global market is simple and easy. Electronic commerce gives the customers the chance to look for cheaper and quality products. Ecommerce cuts down the cost attached with marketing once is being launched and working and also on customer care, processing stage, and information storage and inventory management. Disadvantages: Any one, good or bad, can easily set up a business website and there are many bad sites which fool customers. There is no assurance of product quality. There are many internet hackers just waiting for any opportunity and then an ecommerce site, service, payment gateways can cause attack in any business. Mechanical failures can be reason of unpredictable effects on the total processes. Least chance of direct customer to company interactions, and also customer loyalty is always on a test. Perishable items such as foods are also not very convenient and nor predictable due to small life cycle.

Iodometric Redox Titration of Vitamin C Tablets

Iodometric Redox Titration of Vitamin C Tablets Introduction Vitamin C is a vital component of a healthy diet which is why, like many others, my father takes vitamin C supplements. However, I noticed that the vitamin C tablets he takes expired in January 2009. These tablets were bought in the USA and developed a light amber tint. Therefore, I wondered whether this would mean that over time, the concentration of vitamin C has decreased. Hence, I researched a scientific method to determine the concentration of vitamin C in order to see whether my father should continue using the expired tablets or rather buy new ones. Chemically known as ascorbic acid, vitamin C is an organic compound containing of six carbon atoms, of which two can be readily oxidized under aqueous acidic conditions or by air over a longer time period.The method used to measure the concentration of vitamin C is called a reduction oxidation, known as redox, titration. Ascorbic acid reacts with iodine (I2) to create dehydroascorbic acid (C6H8O6) under acidic aqueous conditions:C6H8O6 (aq) + I2 (aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   C6H6O6 (aq) + 2 I(aq) + 2 H+(aq) However, as iodine I2 is not very soluble in water, a complex created by aqueous iodine I2 (aq) and aqueous iodide anion I(aq) through the following reaction must be used.I2 (aq) + I(aq)   à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   I3(aq) I3 is known as triiodide, which is much more soluble in water than iodine. The method used to create the triiodide is the reaction of aqueous iodate IO3(aq) with aqueous iodide I(aq) under acidic aqueous conditions as shown below.Reaction 1:IO3(aq) + 8 I(aq) + 6 H+(aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   3 I3(aq) + 3 H2O (l)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reaction of water soluble starch, being a white solution, with triiodide gives a dark blue complex. This change of colour shows the end of the redox titration.The redox titration is using the reaction of aqueous triiodide I3 (aq) with aqueous ascorbic acid C6H8O6 (aq) to form aqueous dehydroascorbic acid C6H6O6 (aq) and aqueous iodide I(aq ) under acidic aqueous conditions.Reaction 2: C6H8O6 (aq) + I3 (aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   C6H6O6 (aq) + 3 I(aq) + 2 H+(aq)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The method used is an indirect titration, which means it measures the amount of triiodide remaining in the solution after having reacted with the ascorbic acid. Therefore an excess of aqueous triiodide I3 (aq) is needed.The excess aqueous triiodide I3 (aq) is reduced by aqueous thiosulfate S2O32- (aq) to create aqueous iodide I(aq) and aqueous tetrathionate S4O62- (aq) as shown below.Reaction 3:I3 (aq) + 2 S2O32- (aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   3 I (aq) + S4O62- (aq)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As soon as all the triiodide is reduced to iodide, the colour changes from dark blue (the triiodide starch complex is dark blue) to white. The oxidation of ascorbic acid is a 1:1 reaction, meaning 1 mol of ascor bic acid requires 1 mol of triiodide to form 1 mol of dehydroascorbic acid, whereas the oxidation of thiosulfate is a 1:2 reaction, meaning 2 mol of thiosulfate can be oxidized to 1 mol tetrathionate by 1 mol of triiodide, all under acidic conditions in water. Knowing this one can calculate the amount of vitamin C in various tablets as long as all of them are readily soluble in water, meaning, for example, not coated.(CH 212 Quantitative Analysis. 1-2)Research Question What is the effect of the age of vitamin C tablets, expressed by the number of months elapsed after the expiry date, on the concentration in percentage weight of vitamin C in said tablets? Variables Variable Unit Range Method of measurement Independent:Number of months after expiry date of vitamin C Date withmonth, year 01/2009 = 92 months 09/2014 = 24 months 07/2015 = 14 months 04/2018 =  Ã‚   0 months The expiration date of the vitamin C tablet / sachet is written on the outer packaging Dependent: Concentration of vitamin C % weight 0 100% Content of vitamin C in mg per tablet is written on the outer packaging and measured through titration Controlled Variables Unit Possible effect(s) on results Method for control Number of tablets / sachets n/a Wrong weight of vitamin C Counting tablets / sachets Concentration of Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3 (aq))Potassium iodate (KIO3 (aq)) mol/lmol/l Wrong concentration of vitamin C Titration with (KIO3 (aq)) Analytical scale Concentration of Starch Sodium carbonate Sulphuric acid g/l g/l mol/l No significant impact on dependent variable Analytical scale Analytical scale 50 ml measuring cylinder Concentration of Potassium iodide (KI (aq)) mol/l Wrong concentration of triiodide solution Analytical scale Materials 1 g of soluble starch 8 M (mol/l) sulfuric acid (H2SO4) pure Potassium iodide (KI), 95%, pure, DAB Potassium iodate (KIO3), p. A. EMSURE ® ACS, ISO, Ph Eurpure, DAB Vitamin C (ascorbic acid (C6H8O6))tablets or sachets (it is recommended to use colourless dissolvable products, otherwise the colour change will be difficult to see) Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O3 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · 5H2O), 99,5%, pure, DAB Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) 99,5%, pure, DAB Distilled water (H2O) Apparatus One 3 ml  ± 0,01 ml measuring pipette Two 250 ml  ± 5% beakers and two 500 ml  ± 5% beakers One 50 ml  ± 0,08 ml and one 100 ml  ± 0,1 ml measuring cylinder Two 500 ml  ± 0,2 ml volumetric flasks with a cork Three 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks to be used for the titrations One 50 ml  ± 0,1 ml burette with stand and clamp for burette Two funnels, each with a diameter of 9,5 cm It is necessary to clean and rinse all glassware with distilled water beforehand to avoid impurities and contamination of solution used. One electric scale set in grams and preferably to four decimal places g  ± 0,1 mg to allow for maximum accuracy (available scale had two decimal places g  ± 10 mg) One magnetic stirrer, one stirring rod and a mortar with a pestle Small spoons, scalpels and cups, in total 5 of each Rubber gloves and safety glasses as the reactants used can irritate skin and eyes Method Preparation of starch indicator Fill a 250 ml beaker with 100 ml of distilled water, measured with a 50 ml cylinder. Weigh 1 g of soluble starch using the scale and a spoon. Add the starch to the beaker. Using the stirring rod, stir until dissolved. Every day a new solution should be made. Preparation of sodium thiosulfate Use a 100 ml measuring cylinder to fill 450 ml of distilled water into a 500 ml beaker. Weigh 0,05 g of Na2CO3 using the scale, a spoon, and a cup and add to beaker. Weigh 8,7 g of Na2S2O3 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · 5H2O using the scale, a spoon, and a separate, equally clean small cup. Add to the same beaker. Dissolve the chemicals compounds through swirling the beaker. Once dissolved, pour the solution into a clean 500 ml volumetric flask and add distilled water up to exactly 500 ml. Seal it tightly with the cork. Label the solution as sodium thiosulfate. Keep the flask closed when not in use. Preparation of standard iodate solution Use a 100 ml measuring cylinder to fill 450 ml of distilled water into a 500 ml beaker. Weigh 1,01 g of KIO3 in a small, clean cup using the scale and a clean spoon. Pour the KIO3 into the 450 ml of distilled water. Swirl the beaker until the potassium iodate has completely dissolved. Once dissolved, pour the solution into a clean 500 ml volumetric flask and add distilled water up to exactly 500 ml. Seal it tightly with the cork. Label the solution as potassium iodate. Keep the flask closed when not in use. Standardising the sodium thiosulfate solution Set up the stand and clamp for the 50 ml burette. Fill the closed 50 ml burette with the previously prepared sodium thiosulfate solution using a clean funnel. It is vital that the burette contains precisely 50 ml. Using a 50 ml measuring cylinder pour exactly 50 ml of the KIO3 solution into a clean 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Weigh 2 g of KI in a small cup using the scale and a spoon. Place the KI into the flask. Add 5 ml of 8 M H2SO4 into the flask using a 50 ml measuring cylinder. Place the 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask onto a magnetic stirrer and begin stirring it. This is to ensure that all the reactants in the solution have reacted to form the triiodide molecule. The solution should have a dark red colour due to the presence of triiodide. Titrate the solution with sodium thiosulfate until the solution has lost most of its red, i.e. a light shade of yellow appears. Using the 3 ml measuring pipette, add 2 ml of the starch indicator to the solution. The starch is only added shortly before the end point of the titration as prior to this, the triiodide starch complex locks onto the triiodide and thus the triiodide might not react with the sodium thiosulfate. Continue titrating the solution until the solution has become colourless. Record the amount of ml of sodium thiosulfate solution used. Repeat the titration three times in order to obtain reliable values, as this titration tells us the exact concentration of sodium thiosulfate, which allows us to determine the amount of triiodide. Titration of ascorbic acid Use a 50 ml measuring cylinder to fill 15 ml of 8 M H2SO4 into a clean 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask used for titration. Using a 100 ml measuring cylinder add 75 ml of distilled water. Grind vitamin C tablets separately and thoroughly with a mortar and pestle. Put them into the flask and stir until fully dissolved. If needed, for example if part of the tablet is not soluble anymore, filter the solution by using a funnel and filter paper. Carefully pour the solution into a clean 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask used for titration. Using a 50 ml measuring cylinder pour 50 ml of KIO3 solution into the 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask used for the titration. Weigh 2 g of KI in a small cup using the scale and a spoon. Place the KI into the 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask used for the titration. At this point, the solution should develop a dark shade of red due to the presence of triiodide. Swirl the flask to make sure the reaction between triiodide and ascorbic acid has been completed. Set up the stand and clamp for the 50 ml burette. Place the 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask used for the titration onto a magnetic stirrer, and begin stirring it. This ensures that the vitamin C has truly completely reacted. Fill the closed 50 ml burette with sodium thiosulfate solution using a clean funnel. Ensure that the burette was cleaned beforehand and remove any excess solution. Begin titrating the triiodide solution with sodium thiosulfate. It should start out being red due to the presence of access triiodide. When the solution changes to a pale yellow, add 2 ml of the starch indicator using a 3 ml measuring pipette. Similar to the previous titration, the starch might hold onto the triiodide and prevent it from reacting with sodium thiosulfate. Continue titrating the solution until it has become colourless. Due to various colourings of the tablets, this might be an off-shade of white. Denote this volume as the end point of the titration. Repeat steps 21-31 for all tablets and sachets available. Each sample of tablets or sachets should be titrated at least five times in order to calculate a representative amount of vitamin C contained in the tablets. It is important to note that the flask containing the vitamin C solution and the magnet of the magnetic stirrer must be washed before each trial to avoid impurities.   (CH 212 Quantitative Analysis. 5-7) Safety Considerations Make sure that safety glasses and gloves are used during the experiment. Appropriate safety clothes must be worn, like laboratory coats with long sleeves. Content of solutions prepared need to be clearly marked with water proof pencils and locked away in laboratory cupboards. Any solution not used anymore needs to be placed it appropriate waste disposal units. Neutralise any acids before disposing of them. Raw DataTable 1 shows the overview of all the samples used in the iodometric redox titrations. Sample ReferenceNumber Expiry date Months till Sep. 2016 Number of tablets/ sachets used Weight of tablet/sachet gstated by manufacturer Vitamin C in mg per tablet/sachet stated by manufacturer Vitamin C USP tablet 1 Jan. 2009 92 11 No value given 500 Heiße Zitrone sachet 2 Sep. 2014 24 1 10 180 Vitamin C Arancia tablet 3 Jul. 2015 14 2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢4 = 8 4,5 90 Vitamin C Zitrone tablet 4 Apr. 2018 0 10 4 180 Table 1: Samples used in the titrationTable 2 shows the volume of sodium thiosulfate required to titrate 50 ml of potassium iodate. Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3 Volume in ml of sodium thiosulfate solution 39,0  ± 0,1 38,6  ± 0,1 38,6  ± 0,1 Table 2: Volume of sodium thiosulfate solution Note: As the percentage uncertainty of titration 1 0,25% and titration 1 and 2 is 0,26%, these uncertainty are not taken into account, as there is very little impact on the results. Table 3 shows the results of all titrations of the vitamin C samples. Sample Number Volume in ml of sodium thiosulfate solution required to titrate remaining triiodide ( ± 0,1) 1 > 50 4,6 3,1 3,9 3,6 3,7 3,4 3,4 3,3 3,6 3,8 2 17,4 3 16,5 19,2 15,3 14,2 4 13,4 14,3 13 13,8 12,4 15,3 14,4 10,6 12,5 11,2 Table 3: Volume of sodium thiosulfate solution in ml used in the titrations It was observed that the colour changed from dark blue to a pale yellow as the sample was titrated due to the reaction of triiodide with thiosulfate. Calculations and Processed Results In order to find the percentage of vitamin C in each sample, one must calculate the exact concentration of sodium thiosulfate used in all titrations. 8,7 g Na2S2O3 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · 5H2O with molar mass 248,2 g/mol in 500 ml water = 0,070109 mol/l S2O32 Molar ratio of the oxidation of S2O32- is S2O32-:I3 = 2:1 38,73 ml of 0,070109 mol/l S2O32- = 0,002715 mol S2O32- are oxidized by 0,001358 mol I3 Molar ratio of the creation of I3 is IO3: I3 = 1:3 0,001358 mol I3   = 0,000453 mol IO3 in 50 ml = 0,009051 mol/l IO3 Exact concentration of KIO3 = 1,01 g KIO3/500 ml = 0,009439 mol/l IO3 ∠´ Exact concentration of S2O32- is higher by a factor of 0,009439/0,009051 = 1,042911∠´ Exact concentration = 0,070109 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢ 1,042911 = 0,073117 mol/l S2O32- Table 4 shows the volume and concentration of sodium thiosulfate used. Titration Number ml Na2S2O3used ( ± 0,1) ml Na2S2O3arithmetic average Theoretical concentration Na2S2O3 mol/l Experimental/Exact concentrationNa2S2O3 mol/l 1 39,00 38,73  ± 0,3 2 38,60 0,070109 0,073117 3 38,60 Table 4: Calculation of concentration of sodium thiosulfate Note: As the uncertainty of 38,73 ml  ± 0,3 gives a percentage uncertainty of 0,77%, this uncertainty are not taken into account, as there is very little impact on the results. In knowing both the precise concentration of sodium thiosulfate and the volume needed to titrate the remaining triiodide, one can determine the concentration of vitamin C in each sample as there is an excess of KIO3 present in each titration. Reaction 2: C6H8O6 (aq) + I3 (aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   C6H6O6 (aq) + 3 I(aq) + 2 H+(aq) Molar ratio of I3:C6H8O6 = 1:1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Molar ratio of IO3:I3 = 1:3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Molar ratio of IO3:C6H8O6 = 1:3 ∠´ 50 ml 0,009439 mol/l KIO3 = 0,000472 mol IO3 = 3 times more moles of vitamin C∠´ 0,000472 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢ 3 = 0,001416 mol vitamin C = 249,4 mg vitamin C Only the first sample had a theoretical maximum content of 500 mg, which is more than the 50 ml of 0,009439 mol/l IO3 solution can oxidize, that means no triiodide should have been left over and therefore the blue starch triiodide complex should not have been formed. However, in each titration a blue colour was visible. Therefore, the method applied was valid for all other titrations, otherwise the weight of the sample should have been reduced. Reaction 3:I3 (aq) + 2 S2O32- (aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   3 I (aq) + S4O62- (aq) Molar ratio of I3: S2O32- = 1:2 The arithmetic average of 10 titrations of the first sample is 3,64 ml of 0,073117 mol/l S2O32- used to titrate the remaining I3. 3,64 ml of 0,073117 mol/l S2O32- = 0,000266 mol S2O32- are oxidized by 0,000133 mol I3. After the reaction of 50 ml of 0,009439 mol/l IO3 solution with the vitamin C sample 0,000133 mol I3 were left over. Molar ratio of IO3:I3 = 1:350 ml 0,009439 mol/l IO3= 0,000472 mol IO3 = 0,001416 mol I3 0,001416 mol I3 at the start of the reaction 0,000133 mol I3 found after the reaction = 0,001283 mol reacted with vitamin C Molar ratio of I3:C6H8O6 = 1:10,001283 mol I3 = 0,001283 mol C6H8O6 = 0,001283 mol à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢ 176,1 g/mol = 225,9 mg vitamin C 500 mg vitamin C = 100% and 225,9 mg vitamin C = 45,19% active content. This method is applied to all results. Table 5 shows the results of titrating the four different vitamin C samples. Sample 0,073117 mol/l Na2S2O3 solution in ml used Tablets/ Sachet Vitamin C (mg) Vitamin C Age No. Arithmetic average/Number of titrations Standard deviationÏÆ' No. used in titration Written on packaging Found via titration % found via titration Months expired 1    3,64 / 10 0,41 1 500 226 45,19 92 2 17,40 / 1 1 180 137 76,30 24 3 16,30 / 4 2,15 2    90 144 80,24 14 4 13,09 / 10 1,39 1 180 165 91,72 0 Table 5: Calculated and measured results of titration of Vitamin C samplesMonths expired is the time elapsed between the expiry date and the month of the laboratory work in September 2016. The first titration of sample 1 (see table 3) was an outlier and not considered when calculating the arithmetic average and standard deviation. Only one sachet of sample 2 was available, thus not allowing to calculate average and standard deviation. Graph 1 shows the percentage of Vitamin C found and the age of the tablets and sachet used.Graph 1:Correlation of concentration of Vitamin C versus number of months expired Graph 2 shows that the reliabilty of the result depends on the number of titrations carried out. The variation of the results is two times standard deviation ( ± 2 ÏÆ'). Graph 2: Concentration of vitamin C and error bar of  ± 2 ÏÆ' (sample 2 was only titrated once, thus no standard deviation can be calculated) Assuming that the results are following a normal distribution, 95,4% of the titrations are within the  ± 2 ÏÆ' range as shown above. Thus, the results are accepted for sample 1, 3 and 4. Conclusion and EvaluationThe results show that the vitamin C content decreases over time. This is demonstrated in graph 1, as the slope is -0,048. The coefficient of determination is 0,989, which is close to 1 and therefore shows a strong linear correlation. This means the results clearly demonstrate that as the number of months expired increases, the concentration of vitamin C decreases. These findings are supported by research of the Applied Sciences Department at the Osun State Polytechnic in Iree, Nigeria, published in 2012. (Oyetade 22) High temperature, exposure to air and sunlight accelerate the oxidation of vitamin C. Thus, the oldest sample shows the highest reduction in percentage concentration of vitamin C with 45,19%, less than half. This means that my father should buy new vitamin supplements, and no longer use his old ones, which were sample 1. Strengths: The method of investigation delivers fast results, does not require expensive equipment, and works with chemicals th at are neither very toxic nor extremely harmful to the environment. A clear relationship between the variables was demonstrated and due to relatively low standard deviation, the results are accepted. Weaknesses: Potential errors were detected. Only one sachet of sample 2 was available, thus not meeting the minimum criteria of at least 3 titrations of each sample. It is also possible that not all the triiodide reacted with the sodium thiosulfate (see step 18 in methodology). In terms of method, the equipment used was not precise enough, causing possible systematic errors. Instead of a measuring cylinder a volumetric pipette should have been used as well as a high precision scale  ± 0,1 mg. Not all samples were easily soluble in water and produced a clear and colourless solution, thus the end of titration was difficult to notice, leading to inaccuracies. The thiosulfate and iodate solutions should not have been stored over a long time exposed to uncontrolled temperature and day ligh t. All titrations should either have been done in one day or the titrants should have been stored in a cool and dark place. Works Cited CH 212 Quantitative Analysis. Philadelphia: La Salle University, n.d. PDF Oyetade, O. A., G. O. Oyeleke, B. M. Adegoke, and A. O. Akintunde. Stability Studies on Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) From Different Sources. N.p.: IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC), Sept.-Oct. 2012. PDF.

Best Time to Visit India Essay --

India is one of the few countries in the world that experiences varied weather conditions at different times of the year. The major seasons in the Indian subcontinent are summer, monsoon and winter. An important aspect of India’s climatic conditions is that the weather does not remain the same throughout the length of the nation. As such one can expect high precipitation in the southern fringes of the country when the northern regions are experiencing snowfall. Thus, the best time to visit India is determined by the places that one selects to travel and the weather of those particular places. Best Time to Visit the Famous Cities in India The following list contains information about the climatic conditions and the top tourist attractions of the famous cities in India: †¢ Delhi: Topping the list of the famous cities is Delhi, owing to a large number of tourist spots that include the Red Fort, Qutub Minar, Rashtrapati Bhawan and the Lotus Temple. However, it must be noted that this city experiences an extreme climate with very hot summers and harsh winter. Therefore the most apt time to visit Delhi would be between October and March, when the weather is moderate. †¢ Mumbai: Touted as the â€Å"City of Dreams† that boasts of an array of tourist attractions like the Nariman Point, the Gateway of India, Church Gate and the Film City, Mumbai is among the top favorites of travelers. The climatic conditions prevalent in this city are typically Indian, with hot and humid summers and cool winters. The best time to visit this city would be between October and March. †¢ Hyderabad: If you want to explore the wonders of Southern India, Hyderabad must be at the top of your list. This city that is rife of tourist destinations like the Char Minar and t... ...e and Eden Gardens, Kolkata is one of the most visited cities in India. However, Kolkata experiences tropical weather conditions due to which the best time to visit t would be between October and March. †¢ Bangalore: Bestowed with different names like Garden City and Silicon City, the city of Bangalore is regarded as the technological hub of India. Although typically, Bangalore has a very pleasant weather at all times, September to February is very appropriate for sightseeing. Lal Bagh, Tipu Sultan’s Palace and Bannerghata National Park are among the most visited sites by the tourists. Important Points to Remember Since India has varied climatic conditions, one must regard the weather of the place to be visited. Since major cities in India have hot summers and cool or chilly winters, it is suggested that travel plans are made between the months of October and March.

Chemistry of LSD and Route of Access Essay -- Chemistry Chemical Scien

Chemistry of LSD and Route of Access Classification Pharmacologically, the commonly abused hallucinogenic substances may be divided into two major groups. The indolealkylamines, including d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) bear a structural resemblance to the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). The phenylethylamines, including mescaline and the phenylisopropylamines such as 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM, "STP"), are structurally related to dopamine, norepinephrine, and the amphetamines (Gelenberg, Bassuk, Schoonover 1991). Doses Usual doses range from about 25 micrograms to more than 300 micrograms. LSD is known to posses a low level of toxicity; the effective dose is about 50 micrograms while the lethal dose is about 14,000 micrograms. These figures provide a therapeutic ratio of 280, making the drug a remarkably nonlethal compound (Julien 2001). Pharmacology d-Lysergic acid diethylamide is a synthetic hallucinogen derived from an extract of the ergot fungus. The drug is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is usually ingested as part of a pill or dissolved on a piece of paper (Gelenberg, Bassuk, Schoonover 1991). LSD is often added to other substances, such as the back of stamps, or sugar cubes, which can be handled more easily (Julien 2001). Following oral administration, the drug is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to body tissues. Only small amounts are detected in the brain, however (Gelenberg, Bassuk, Schoonover 1991). It also crosses the placenta. The largest amounts of LSD in the body are found in the liver, where the drug is metabolized be... ...emoved from the reaction mixture and can be re-employed in other conversions (Making LSD in the Laboratory, 2005). References Gelenberg, A.J., & Bassuk, E.L., & Schoonover, S.C. (1991). The Practitioner's Guide to Psychoactive Drugs. 3rd. Ed. (pp. 288, 290). New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation. Julien, R. M. (2001). A Primer of Drug Action. (p. 234). New York: Worth Publishers. Stockley. (2002). Stockley's Drug Interactions. (pp. 906-907). Great Britain: The Bath Press. Strang, M. (2004). LSD and Psilocybin- Serotonergic Hallucinogens: Route of access, brain metabolism, and neurochemical effects. February 24 2005, from The Shroomery. http://www.shroomery.org/index/par/25277. (2005). Making LSD in the Laboratory. February 28 2005, from Temple of the Screaming Electron. http://www.totse.com/en/drugs/psychedelics/lablsd.html

The Joys of Mediocrity :: Personal Narrative

The Joys of Mediocrity "Why do I look fat?" "Why is the shape of my face not proportional to my body?" "Why do I have so many pimples?" "Why is my nose that big?" You and I have, at some point, grumbled like this -- it could have happened last month, last week, or even just five minutes ago! We never forgave ourselves for those flaws in our physical structure called imperfections. Most of us strive to become the person of what fashion magazines, movies, or pop culture in general proclaim as the "ideal physique of man." The beau ideal meant good looks, prominence of height, well-toned bodies, and the like. Lacking in one or more of these qualities suggests that you aren't qualified to be with the elite who dominate the world because 'the world' considers them elegant and glamorous -- simply, they are 'perfect.' So we do what we can to prove them wrong. It's easy to see because it's everywhere around us. Ladies copy the latest fashion trend, while men attempt to look and act what they think is the 'in' thing. And there's always the beauty products and modern technology to work everything else out. No, nothing wrong with doing these -- every person has the right to do so. The question is "For what real purpose is it about?" Has society been so judgmental, so vainglorious that it casts its eyes down to anyone who doesn't meet their expectations? Do we have to punish ourselves-by not valuing time, money, and self-worth-for something only temporary? Imperfection is normal. No one escapes it-not even the most well-bred. We are only human. Or in a more philosophical sense perhaps we were meant to be created this way, to counterbalance what we have and what we don't have. When you closely look at it, imperfection is not such a big deal. It's what that's in you that truly counts. Does perfection even exist? Most of the greatest people that ever lived were recognized for their remarkable achievements, not for how they look like. And besides, if all in this world were perfect, nothing will be regarded with appreciation anymore. A flaw actually makes an object look more appealing and precious, because you see the finer features beneath.

Human Landscapes from My Country by Nazim Hikmet Essay

Introduction In the Epic novel, Human Landscapes from My Country, Nazim Hikmet used the comparison between technology and nature very often. The imagery of technology that is portrayed in this novel seems to clash with nature. Through the use of many different images such as the train and plane, Hikmet seems to portray technology as the antagonist of nature. These imageries suggest how technology would destroy and would annihilate nature with its surroundings as technology progresses. However, after a closer reading into the novel, Hikmet actually suggest that technology as a positive aspect that will ultimately improve human lives. Perhaps sacrifices and mistakes are necessary as these are natural occurrences that are expected to happen as technology progresses. Although the cost of technology may seem to be dreadful, it is a necessary step for the better future of human lives. Literature Contemporary history on a panoramic scale is taken up in Human Landscapes, which was written during the author’s prison years but was only published several years after his death. Beginning with the project for an epic study of Turkish history during the twentieth century, at intervals the poet’s narrative also turns to major events in adjoining regions, notably naval action of World War II in the Mediterranean and the work of Soviet forces against Nazi invaders. His commentary on the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1922) stands in stark contrast to the heroic national themes repeatedly invoked by other writers of that period. In Hikmet’s view, it would seem that the people as a whole contributed to final victory but only through an inchoate mass rising that did not also lead to a social revolution. Indeed, many passages suggest that class differences remained acute but were altered by Turkey’s changed status in the world economy. There are a number of brief sketches of individual lives, both from the wealthy and from the lower orders, often to state unpleasant truths about the people’s living situation. Some characters, it is recorded, died of disease at early ages; farmers retained their land but lost all means of production. Many of the personages are war veterans from one conflict or another. There is much attention to dates, but not in the sense of commemorating events with patriotic connotations; important occurrences in individual lives are accorded the same emphasis as major developments in the nation’s history. There is also a fair amount of random, seemingly senseless violence: Family quarrels lead to murder; after a man kills his wife, children use the head as a ball in a macabre game. A wrenching, gripping scene records the lynching of a Turk who had collaborated with the British occupation forces. There are some sardonic religious references which call to mind folk superstitions; in some later passages, Turks of a pro-German inclination speculate about whether Adolph Hitler could be a Muslim. Leading Turkish statesmen and thinkers figure as portraits on the walls of business offices; the memories associated with them are quirky bits of characterization that are far from flattering. The work as a whole darts about and circumambulates historical epochs as they affected different, indeed opposing, social classes. After nearly fifteen years of national independence, homeless and desperately hungry men are to be found outside a newspaper office; if wealthy businessmen cannot turn a profit in some branches of the export trade, because of government restrictions, they move readily to other sectors where their fortunes can be augmented. Some of them end up dealing with both the Allied and the Axis powers during World War II. The incidence of suicide on either side of the class divide is fairly high; among the poor, childbirth is difficult, painful, and sometimes ends in tragedy. Although this exercise in historical realism, based on the author’s own observations of Turkish life, does not seem to hold out any immediate hopes for a better future, the poet’s descriptions of nature and simple joys serve to leaven an otherwise grim and unsentimental saga (Des Pres, 7-25). Written in free verse and employing such cinematographic techniques as flashbacks, pans, zooms, dissolves, and jump cuts, Human Landscapes from My Country combines the economy of poetry with the rapid-fire imagery of motion pictures. Hikmet traces the fortunes of men and women in love and war — from prostitutes, politicians, and captains of industry to housewives, political prisoners, and peasants — and gives voice to social strata unheard from in a heroic context until the twentieth century. To Hikmet, every life is a human-interest story worth telling, and his is a cast of hundreds. This panoramic view of Turkish society during World War II, when the fate of the world hung in the balance, highlights the compelling variety of human experience, never letting us forget that, for better or worse, the fate of the world is in our hands. Hikmet’s unabashed communist politics, for which he languished in prison or exile most of his adult life, are reflected in vignettes of idealized â€Å"Ivans† of soldierly valor and of real-life heroes, â€Å"Tanya† the teenaged Russian revolutionary and the Nazi-martyred journalist Gabriel Peri. Still, the poet’s most profound sympathies lie with the poor man striving to sustain himself and his family in pursuit of a fleeting happiness. Living out prolonged confinement for political activities, dreaming of his wife and child as blindness threatens and days become years, unbowed Halil recalls the poet’s own situation, a cynosure of what an entire culture was forced to endure. Ultimately Hikmet’s art suggests spaciousness, a grandeur in the details of poor people seeking just to breathe while events portend an invidious recurrence of suffering for love, ambition, misfortune–for living. Finally available complete in English, Hikmet’s hauntingly eloquent masterpiece never flags. Human civilization and technology has grown in a fast pace but are we happy? Hikmet said that he feels life is more comfortable. Nobody said that life has become happier. We found that technology which has been developed to make life easier has in fact made life complicated and busier. He said that unlike the past, now he can travel from place to place in few minutes/hours but life has become busier. Communication has improved, technology has taken place in our lives but effective communication between people has decreased. We were all alarmed to face this fact that better technology doesn’t mean happiness. So is technology, instead of liberating us, holding us back? Some later segments of this work are essentially similar to portions of The Moscow Symphony and Other Poems, an imaginative lyrical reconstruction of German-Soviet fighting which in the first instance was probably based upon news stories that Hikmet received in prison. After allowance for the different languages, it may be argued that some passages would do credit to a Soviet wartime poet: the anxiety of the war’s first year, the vast human drama of armies locked in combat, and the camaraderie of soldiers brought together in common struggle are evoked in brisk, telling lines. This novel in verse, written during one long prison sentence in the 1940s, reflects the emotional and physical torments the poet experienced. More gritty than lyrical, it is powerfully plainspoken: â€Å"But Selim was no Communist/ He didn’t even know what communism was/ †¦ But the cops thought different/ They laid Selim on the floor. And when Selim got up/ he couldn’t step on his feet/ They laid Selim on the floor/ And when Selim got up/ he couldn’t see. † Hikmet’s writing is poetry under siege, and the blunt heroism of his characters makes them more Marxist ideals than believable human beings. The poetic element may not survive well in translation, but the content and context make this a lastingly fascinating work. Works Cited Des Pres, Terrence. â€Å"Poetry and Politics: The Example of Nazim Hikmet. † Parnassus: Poetry in Review 6, no. 2 (1978): 7-25.

Chin Tuck Exercise Cervicogenic Headache Health And Social Care Essay

Cervicogenic concern is comparatively common and still controversial signifier of concern. Cervicogenic concern has been classified by International Headache Society and histories for 15 % to 20 % of all chronic and perennial concerns. The estimated prevalence of upset runing from 0.7 % to 13.8 % . The persons with chronic cervicogenic concern experience considerable limitation of day-to-day map, restriction of societal engagement, and emotional hurt. In add-on, these persons report a lower quality of life than other persons. Cervicogenic caput is a syndrome characterized by chronic hemi cranial hurting that is referred to the caput from either cadaverous construction or soft tissues of the cervix. Sensory nervus fibres from the falling piece of land of trigeminal nervus are believed to interact with centripetal fibres from the upper cervical roots ; this convergence allows the bidirectional referral of painful esthesiss between the cervix and trigeminal sensory receptive Fieldss of the face and caput. A functional convergence of sensory and motor fibres in the spinal accoutrement nervus and upper cervical nervus roots finally coverage with the falling piece of land of the trigeminal nervus might besides be responsible for cervical hurting. Cervical concern is a ‘side-locked ‘ or one-sided fixed concern characterized by non throbbing hurting that starts in the cervix and spread to ipsilateral occulo- fronto temporal country. This hurting may be provoked by active cervix motion, inactive cervix positioning particularly in extension or extension with rotary motion toward the side of hurting or an applying digital force per unit area to involved facet parts or over ipsilateral greater occipital nervus. Muscular trigger points are normally found in the suboccipital, cervical, and shoulder muscular structure, and these trigger points can besides mention hurting to the caput when manually or physically stimulated. Diagnostic imagination such as skiagraphy, magnetic resonance imagination and computerized imaging can non corroborate the diagnosing of cervicogenic concern but can impart support to its diagnosing. One survey reported no incontrovertible difference in the visual aspect of cervical spinal column constructions on MRI scans when 24 patients with clinical characteristics of cervicogenic concern were compared with 20 control topics. Cervical phonograph record bulging was reported every bit in both groups. A laboratory rating may be necessary to seek for systemic diseases that may adversely impact musculuss.bones, or articulations ( arthritic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematous, thyroid or parathyroid upsets, primary musculus disease, etc ) . Flexion rotary motion trial steps motion at atlanto- axial articulation, which has been shown to be a likely beginning of hurting in patients with cervicogenic concern persons who have been diagnosed with cervicogenic concern show values runing from 20 – 28 grades. Flexion rotary motion trial is a stable and quotable method of cervical spinal column scrutiny. It is dependable and has low measuring mistake if performed by an experient clinician ( Hall T, et al. , 2010 ) . Manipulation has often been used for the direction of dorsum and cervix ailments and is thought to ( 1 ) Free gesture sections that have undergone disproportionate supplanting ( or ) are felt to be hypomobile ( 2 ) cause musculus relaxation. These mechanisms are thought to be associated with distribution of unnatural emphasiss within the joint, ensuing in hurting, limitation of gesture and possible redness. Patient with cervicogenic concern will frequently hold altered neck position and restricted scope of gesture. Sustained Natural apophyseal Glide and chin-tuck exercising are the intercessions used to handle the cervicogenic concern in this survey. Sustained Natural apophyseal Glide is the mobilisation with active motion followed by inactive overpressure which should be applied to further increase the motion. Chin-tucks are the postural exercisings should execute early to forestall stiffness from developing and to guarantee the cervix is working right. 1.2 AIM AND NEED OF THE STUDY: ( 1 ) To happen the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel in Cervicogenic concern ( 2 ) To happen the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising in cervicogenic concern. ( 3 ) To compare the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel over sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising in cervicogenic concern. Cervicogenic concern is common and still controversial signifier of concern. The consequence of this survey will assist the physical therapist to choose the appropriate intervention process for better rehabilitation of these patients 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY: A comparative survey on ‘Effectiveness of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel over sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising in cervicogenic concern ‘ 1.4 Hypothesis: Null hypothesis There is no difference between the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel over sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chintuck exercising in cervicogenic concern. Alternate hypothesis There is important difference between the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel over sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising in cervicogenic concern. 1.5 Operational Definition: Cervicogenic concern * The universe cervicogenic concern society ( 1998 ) defines, cervicogenic concern as, ‘Referred hurting perceived in primary nociceptive beginning in the musculoskeletal tissue innervated by cervical nervousnesss ‘ . These constructions may include musculuss, aspects, articulations, capsules, and ligaments of upper three cervical sections, nervousnesss, durameter, spinal cord or vertebral arteria. Cervical articulations have been recognized as a beginning of concern. Pain * International society of association for survey of hurting defines hurting as, unpleasant sensory and emotional experience due to existent or possible tissue harm or described in footings of harm ( Merskey and Bogduk, 1994 ) * An unpleasant esthesis that can run from mild, localized uncomfortableness to torment. Scope of gesture * The full gesture possible to the articulation is called the scope of gesture. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Brent Harper ( 2009 ) made a survey on implementing grounds based medical specialty for cervicogenic concern and determined the efficiency of spinal use on patients with cervicogenic concern in relation to quality of life, strength and frequence of cervicogenic concern and articular mobility ( scope of gesture ) . Toby hall et Al ( 2007 ) made a survey on efficaciousness of a c1-c2 self-sustained natural apophyseal semivowel ( SNAG ) in the direction of cervicogenic concern on topics with outcome steps of Flexion Rotation scope and concern index questionnaire and reported the efficaciousness of SNAG in the direction of persons with cervicogenic concern. Ogince et Al ( 2007 ) made a survey and reported that cervical flexion-rotation trial has diagnostic cogency in c1 /2-related cervicogenic concern. Fernandez-des-las-penas C ( 2006 ) made a survey on methodological quality or randomized controlled test of spinal use and mobilisation in patient tenseness type concern, megrim and cervicogenic concern and reported the effectivity of spinal use and mobilisation in concern. Rodeghero et Al ( 2006 ) made a survey on possible function of manual physical therapy and specific exercising intercession in capable with cervicogenic concern, the patient demonstrated betterment with a sum of seven intervention Sessionss, outcome step used were Neck hurting disablement index mark and reported that these intercessions were effectual in rapidly bettering map and damages in patients with cervicogenic concern. Luke Eldrige et Al ( 2005 ) made a survey on the effectivity of cervical spinal column use and prescribed exercising in decrease of cervicogenic concern in capable with a 16 twelvemonth history of cervicogenic concern, the survey consisted of a three hebdomad base line informations aggregation stage, a 3 hebdomad osteopathic manipulative intervention stage and a 3 hebdomad place based exercising stage, outcome steps include ocular linear graduated table and concern journal which indicated a decrease in both strength of concern hurting and frequence. Mc Donnel et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a survey on intercession attack dwelling of a specific exercising plan and alteration of postural alliance for an person with cervicogenic concern and reported the prosperity in alleviating concern and bettering map of the patient. David M.Biondi et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a survey and reported the effectivity of curative exercising and manipulative intervention for cervicogenic concern which was non well affected by age, gender of concern chronicity in patients with moderate to severe hurting strength. Hall T and Robinson K ( 2004 ) made a survey of comparative measuring of flexion-rotation trial and active cervical mobility in cervicogenic concern and reported that topics with cervicogenic concern have an norm of 170 less rotary motion toward the concern side in flexure rotary motion trial. Peterson ( 2003 ) investigated the function of use and exercising over 8 hebdomad period in cervicogenic concern patient and reported a important betterment in concern parametric quantity at the decision of test. Jull et Al ( 2002 ) conducted a survey on randomized controlled test of exercising and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic concern and reported that manipulative therapy and exercising can cut down the symptoms of cervicogenic concern and use plus exercising was found to be superior to exert entirely. Sizer et Al ( 2002 ) published a retrospective instance study of 20 twelvemonth history of cervicogenic concern patient, the patient received a combined plan of use and exercising for a sum of 24 interventions over 3 month period and reported a important betterment in concern parametric quantities after the patient received the combined intervention plan of use and exercising. Whorton and Kegerreis ( 2000 ) made a survey on manual therapy and exercising in the intervention of cervicogenic concern patient informations was collected at a 6 months follow up, and five of 6 topics reported a statistically important betterment with intervention Watson and Trott et Al. ( 1999 ) performed quasi experimental cross sectional controlled diagnostic test and identified the deep cervical flexor musculus group as disfunction in cervicogenic concern patients. Mulligan ( 1999 ) described intercessions including ‘SNAGS ‘ technique find utile in reconstructing a loss of cervical ‘ rotary motions which is frequently associated with concern. Nilsson et Al ( 1995 ) conducted a randomized control test of topics comparing use of cervical spinal column with soft tissue massage and simulate optical maser intervention.It fail to make the statistical significance, once more in 1997, with extra topics performed the same test as in first survey and reported a important lessening in concern strength of a group received use. Schoense et Al ( 1995 ) conducted a survey of the consequence of mobilisation on cervical concern, voluntaries were medically cleared to take part, and these topics received 9 to 11 Sessionss of joint mobilisation and reported a important lessening in concern frequence, strength and continuance. Boline et Al. ( 1995 ) conducted a survey of spinal use Vs amitriptylline for the intervention of chronic concern and reported spinal use has long term good consequence than medicine. Nilsson ( 1995 ) conducted a survey on prevalence of cervicogenic concern in a random population sample of 20-59 twelvemonth olds and reported that cervicogenic concern appears to be comparatively common signifier of concern similar to migraine in prevalence. Karen Beeton and Gwendolen Jull ( 1994 ) investigated a plan of use and exercising on cervicogenic concern patient and reported a important betterment in concern parametric quantity 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study design The research design of this survey is experimental in nature, done on different topics with pre-test and station -test scenes. 3.2 Settings The survey was conducted in RVS infirmary. 3.3 Criteria for choice 3.4 Inclusion standards * Headache of cervical beginning * Age group of 20- 59 old ages * Both sexes * Positive flexure -rotation trial 3.5 Exclusion standards * Headache non of cervical beginning * Headache with autonomic Involvement, giddiness ( or ) ocular perturbation * inborn status of cervical spinal column * Contra indicant to manipulative therapy 3.6 Sample population 30 capable and 15 in each groups. 3.7 Method of choice Random sampling technique 3.8 Variables USED IN THE STUDY Independent variable * Sustained natural apophyseal semivowel * Chin tuck exercising Dependent variable * Pain * Range of gesture 3.9 METHODOLOGY Thirty samples selected from the population were divided into two equal group. The process was explained to subject. Both the group underwent a pre trial measuring of hurting strength and scope of gesture. * Group A was treated with sustained natural aphophyseal articulation semivowel * Group B was treated with sustained natural aphophyseal joint semivowel along with chin tuck exercising for 6 hebdomads. Hence both groups were treated and after 6 hebdomads measured hurting by ocular parallel graduated table and scope of gesture measured by goniometer. Technique 1. Sustained natural apophyseal semivowel Position of patient: posing Position of Therapist: standing behind the patient The patient was instructed to sit comfortably on a stool or chair. Therapists stand behind the patient. His or her caput was cradled between healer organic structure and right forearm if therapist bases on patient ‘s right side. The right index, center and pealing fingers wrap around the base of the occiput and the in-between phalanx of the small finger lies over the spiny procedure of cx2 the sidelong boundary line of the left thenar distinction lies over the right small finger. Pressure was applied in ventral way on the spiny procedure of cervical 2 while the skull remains still due to the control of healer right forearm. The truly soft traveling force to make this comes from healer left arm via the thenar distinction over the small finger on the spinal column of cx 2. The 2nd vertebra moves frontward on the first so the first vertebra moves frontward on the base of the skull.this motion should go on until the terminal scope is felt and this place was maintained for at least 10 seconds, this should be repeated for 6 to 10 times. Then learn the patient about self-headache sustained natural apophyseal semivowel by topographic point the manus towel around the spiny procedure of c2 and inquire the patient to procure it with the custodies and inquire the patient to take his or her caput backward without leaning, inquire the patient maintain for at least 10 seconds and repetition it for 6 to 10 times. Mechanism by which the-C1-C2 sustained natural apophyseal semivowel may hold reduced concern symptoms is by the neuromodulation consequence of joint mobilisation. In the gate control theory, stimulation of mechanoreceptors within the joint capsule and environing tissues causes an suppression of hurting at the spinal cord ; In add-on, falling pain-inhibitory systems may be activated, mediated by countries such as the periaqueductal grey of the mesencephalon. The terminal scope placement in rotary motion with the CI-C2 sustained natural apophyseal semivowel may prosecute these repressive systems and cut down hurting. Addition in cervical rotary motion scope on the functional rotary motion trial is that the CI-C2 sustained natural apophyseal semivowel decreased joint stiffness. Mobilization is thought to interrupt down adhesions and stretch environing tissues. That the betterment in rotary motion scope was immediate suggests that the consequence of the Cl-C2 sustained natural apophyseal semivowel technique is more likely related to a neurophysiological alteration in hurting transition instead than an consequence on joint stiffness. Basic Principles ‘ Treatment plane lying across the concave articular surface ‘ Application of accessary motion and patient generated active motions. ‘ During assessment the healer will place one or more comparable marks as described by Maitland. These marks may be a loss of joint motion, hurting associated with motion, or hurting associated with specific functional activities. ‘ Passive accoutrement joint mobilisation is applied following the rules of kaltenborn ( i.e. , parallel or perpendicular to the joint plane ) . This accessary semivowel must itself be pain free. ‘ The healer must continuously supervise the patient ‘s reaction to guarantee no hurting is recreated. Using the cognition of joint arthrology, a well-developed sense of tissue tenseness and clinical logical thinking, the healer investigates assorted combinations of analogue or perpendicular semivowels to happen the right intervention plane and.grade of motion. ‘ While prolonging the accoutrement semivowel, the patient is requested to execute the comparable mark. The comparable mark should now be significantly improved ( i.e. , increased scope of gesture and a significantly decreased or better yet, absence of the original hurting ) . ‘ Failure to better the comparable mark would bespeak that the healer has non found the right contact point, intervention plane, class or way of mobilization, spinal section or that the technique is non indicated. ‘ The antecedently restricted and/or painful gesture or activity is repeated by the patient while the healer continues to keep the appropriate accoutrement semivowel. Further additions are expected with repeat during a intervention session typically farther additions may be realised through the application of inactive overpressure at the terminal of available scope. It is expected that this overpressure is once more, unpainful. ‘ Involving three sets of 10 repeats. 2. Chin tucks Position of the patient: posing or standing Position of the healer: standing in forepart of the patient. Get down this exercising by sitting or standing tall with the patient ‘s dorsum and cervix directly, shoulders should be back somewhat. Ask the patient to insert the mentum until he/she experience a mild to chair stretch in cervix hurting ‘ free, teach the patient to maintain his/ her eyes and nose facing forwards during the motion and clasp for 2 seconds, which can be repeated for 10 times provided there is no addition in symptoms. Postural divergence associated with forward caput position at the atlanto occipital, atlanto axial articulations accompanied by flattening of lower cervical spinal column and possible reversal or flattening of mid cervical hollow-back. This place consequences in joint disfunction that leads to abnormal afferent information impacting the tonic cervix physiological reaction and promoting the gradual acceptance of a forward caput place. This cause compaction on craniocervical constructions because of compaction greater and lesser occipital nervousnesss contribute to prolongation of concern. Chin tuck exercising is the postural exercisings which corrects the forward caput position at that place by cut downing compaction on cranio cervical construction and decrease the concern 3.10 Measurement Tool * Visual parallel graduated table * Goniometer Visual parallel graduated table It consists of 10 cm horizontal line with two terminal points. One terminal was labeled as ‘no hurting ‘ and another terminal labeled as ‘most terrible hurting ‘ . The patient was required to put grade letter writers to the degree of hurting strength that the patient felt. 0 centimeter 10 centimeter No hurting most terrible hurting The distance in centimeter from the low terminal of ocular parallel graduated table for patient ‘s hurting was as numerical index of badness of hurting. Goniometer The term goniometer comes from two Grecian words that mean ‘angle ‘ and ‘measure ‘ . It is an instrument which measures an axis and scope of gesture. It consists of two consecutive lengths of fictile stuff joined by a unit of ammunition subdivision with angle devising. One arm is stationary with regard to the cardinal subdivision and the other arm is movable for flexure ‘ rotary motion scope of gesture of cervix, topographic point the axis of goniometer over the vertex of the caput, line up the stationary arm of the goniometer along the stationary line of the organic structure and movable arm analogue to tip of the olfactory organ. The ask the patient to flex the caput forwards every bit far as possible without flexing the bole and ask of gesture, following the motion with the movable arm of the goniometer, do certain that stationary arm remains consecutive. Before expression at the reading, guarantee that arm of goniometer remain aligned with their seve ral limbs and record the measuring indicated on cardinal subdivision of goniometer. 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPREATION The information collected was subjected to paired't ‘ trial separately for group A and group B utilizing expressions. Formula 1: vitamin D = ? d/n Where, vitamin D = difference between pretest and posttest values vitamin D = is the average value of vitamin D n = is the figure of topics Formula 2: Standard divergence SD = Formula 3: Standard Error ( S.E ) = SD N ‘t ‘ calculated value = vitamin D S.E Formula 4: ‘t ‘ cal = vitamin D S.E Where, t cal is the T calculated value INDEPENDENT't ‘ Trial Formula 1: S= ( n1-1 ) s12 + ( n2-1 ) s22 n1+n2 -2 Where, s is the standard divergence n1 – is the figure of capable in group A n2- is the figure of capable in group B s1 – is the standard divergence of group A s2 is the standard divergence of group B Formula2 S.E = S 1/n12 + 1/n22 Where, s – is the standard divergence S.E. – is the standard mistake Formula 3 X1 – X2 ‘t ‘ cal = S.E Where, X1 is the norm of difference in values between pretest and station trial X2 is the norm of difference in values between pretest and station trial Paired T trial [ comparing of pretest and posttest mean ] TABLE – I 1. Trouble graduated table Capable In group A, the average ocular parallel graduated table pretest value was 7.8 and posttest value was 4.2.For 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 13.823, statistically important In group B, the average ocular parallel graduated table pretest value was 6.8 and posttest value was 2.86.For 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 21.299, statistically important TABLE- II 2. Scope of gesture Capable In group A, the average cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture pretest value was 26.13and posttest value was 29.13.For 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 15.370, statistically important In group B, the average cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture pretest value was 25.6and posttest value was 28.3.For 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 17.692, statistically important Independent ‘t ‘ trial TABLE- III 1. Trouble topic Sustained natural apophyseal semivowel Vs sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising The independent T trial value for hurting, 1.0064 is severally for 28 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance and critical tabular array value is 2.048, hence there is no important difference in both the group TABLE- IV 2. Scope of gesture topic Sustained natural apophyseal semivowel Vs sustained natural apophyseal semivowel with chin tuck exercising The independent T trial value for scope of gesture, 1.0853 is severally for 28 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance and critical tabular array value is 2.048, hence there is no important difference in both the group Interpretation OF DATA 1. Calculated value of mated ‘t ‘ trial for group A ( Pain ) = 13.823 2. Calculated value of mated ‘t ‘ trial for group B ( Pain ) = 21.299 3. Calculated value of mated ‘t ‘ trial for group A ( scope of gesture ) = 15.370 4. Calculated value of mated ‘t ‘ trial for group B ( scope of gesture ) = 17.692 5. Calculated value of independent ‘t ‘ trial for hurting = 1.0064 6. Calculated value of independent ‘t ‘ trial for scope of gesture = 1.0853 5. Result The pretest and posttest value of the groups were analyzed utilizing mated t trial and independent t trial. In group A, the average ocular parallel graduated table pretest value was 7.8 and posttest value was 4.2 for 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 13.823 which is greater than t value. In group B, the average ocular parallel graduated table pretest value was 6.8 and posttest value was 2.86 for 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 21.299 which is greater than t value. In group A, the average cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture pre trial value was 26.13and posttest value was 29.13 for 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 15.370 which is greater than t value. In group B, the average cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture pre trial value was 25.6and station trial value was 28.3 for 14 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance, the T table value is 2.145 and T calculated value is 17.692 which is greater than t value. The independent t trial values for hurting, 1.0064 is severally for 28 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance and critical tabular array value is 2.048, hence there is no important difference in both the group. The independent t trial values for scope of gesture, 1.0853 is severally for 28 grade of freedom at 0.05 degree of significance and critical tabular array value is 2.048, hence there is no important difference in both the group. From this survey we are accepting void hypothesis and rejecting alternate hypothesis. 6. Discussion Decrease in hurting strength was important in both the groups ( sustained natural apophyseal semivowel, chin tuck with sustained natural apophyseal semivowel ) . Pain alleviation in both the group occurred due to rectification of positional mistake and decreased emphasis in cervix constructions. Restricted flexure rotary motion scope of gesture is one of the cause for cervicogenic concern. The application of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel and chin tuck along with sustained natural apophyseal semivowel facilitated the addition in scope of gesture. There was statistically important betterment in cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture and lessening in hurting on last twenty-four hours of intervention in both the group, but there was no important difference between the groups. 7. Suggestion * The survey can be done in big samples * Study can be carried out for longer period of continuance * It can be applied for patient with cervix hurting and stiffness with no arm motion * Can be applied for low back hurting due to lumbar joint engagement * Control group can be added Restriction * The survey was done for a short span * This survey was applied for age group 20 -59 old ages * This survey was done merely on patient with positive flexure rotary motion trial 8. Decision The survey was conducted with an purpose to compare the effectivity of sustained natural apophyseal semivowel and sustained natural apophyseal semivowel along with chin tuck exercising. Both these intercessions are utile in handling cervicogenic concern in concern of hurting and addition in cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture. Thus it was concluded that there was important lessening in hurting and addition in cervical flexure rotary motion scope of gesture in both the group. But there was no important difference between the groups.